They burrow in the ground and have strong legs adapted for digging. It is lawful for a landowner to live-trap or humanely destroy nuisance armadillos, although they are difficult to capture with live traps. Most of these burrows are seven to eight inches in diameter and two to twenty-five feet long. yes it is It is legal to shoot under some circumstances. Whether you have young children that play in your yard or garden, or there are domestic animals in your neighborhood, the risk of killing other animals is simply not worth the risk. The nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) is a distant relative of anteaters and sloths of South America. The shot was initially aimed at an armadillo, before the bullet ricocheted off its hard shell and struck the shooter instead. 25 Feb/23. It is certainly worth pointing out that leaving out bowls of antifreeze with the specific intention of killing armadillos will almost certainly be illegal in the vast majority of states, and it is also quite a dangerous thing to do too. to shoot them or set a lethal trap. It is legal to shoot armadillos, and a reasonable number of folks choose to go that route. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Armadillos prefer shrubby or tree-covered habitat where vegetation is dense. The gun must be powerful enough to pierce the armadillos armor which while not as tough as a turtles shell, does provide some degree of protection. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. One of the biggest problems when you are trying to kill a pest animal comes when that pest animal is one of the creatures with the heaviest armor found in the natural world. troubleshooting guide. Is it safe to shoot an armadillo? Some people do hunt and kill armadillos to eat them, which I advise against, because it has actually been documented that this is a way for humans to contract leprosy. A keen sense of smell enables the near-sighted armadillo to locate grubs, beetles, insects, snails, worms, ants, and other such gourmet delights that may be buried beneath six inches of soil. However, Florida laws prohibit the hunting of armadillos for any reason. Armadillos are mainly nocturnal, which means they are active at night. They are most likely digging up your yard, filling it with holes, throwing dirt everywhere. According to the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, armadillos are permanent residents of Oklahoma, Texas, Missouri, Arkansas and essentially all of western Tennessee. In addition to eating lawns and flowerbeds, the nine-banded armadillo can also wreck havoc on . 4.1/5 (442 Views . 4 Is it illegal to kill armadillos in SC? Canine and incisor teeth are absent. Yes, armadillos are known to live in swampy areas. Alabama Map Turtle Graptemys pulchra. Lethal Injection And Asphyxiation Trapping is allowed, but armadillos are elusive creatures and often avoid being caught. Spray castor oil around the burrows of the armadillos with a spray bottle or liquid chemical sprayer. Armadillos were first noted in Alabama in the 1940s. If you want to learn more about armadillo behavior and biology, Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Rebund is a website that writes about many topics of interest to you, a blog that shares knowledge and insights useful to everyone in many fields. Are armadillos illegal to kill Texas? *2 "His wife was in the house. Armadillos Recurve bow here in a year //www.ncwildlife.org/Learning/Species/Mammals/Armadillo '' > is it illegal to is it legal to shoot armadillos, and a reasonable number of folks choose go! Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? Once you catch them, kill them in the trap. Armadillos have been known to carry the bacterium associated with human leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae), but there has been no conclusive evidence that human beings can con-tract leprosy from contact with armadillos. They also dig burrows in which to den. But, the biggest risk to your dog from an armadillo would be a bite or scratch from those very sharp claws. You can pop them all day with a .22. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. *3 These body grip traps are real, they are used by old-time fur trappers, and they do work. 3. They have large, strong claws on each foot and are very good at digging for food and digging burrows. Do people really eat armadillos? Direct Risks Of Using Poison Nest predation by armadillos on threatened and endangered sea turtle nests has been documented in Florida. , Can I shoot an animal on my property in Texas? Are classified as nongame and nonthreatened in Texas illegal no need to kill an armadillo if it illegal - Texas armadillo trapping Laws Timber Rattlesnake countrythey are Protected under law. We service over 500 USA locations! However, not all legislation is the same, and depending on where you are in the country, the legality of your actions can vary depending on the type of trapping you use, and what you do with the armadillo after it has been caught. Although it lacks incisor and canine teeth, it does have twenty-eight to thirty-two peglike molars set well back in its jaws. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. One observer, who pitched small rocks one at a time at a feeding armadillo, reported that the animal leaped into the air after each rock landed, then stood up and sniffed the air for danger. Poisons that are picked up from the stores are not effective. 1 to 3 inches deep. Is it illegal to kill an armadillo in Texas? They can be caught in traps baited with worms and sardines, he said. The female has four mammary glands two on the upper chest and two on the lower abdomen just the right number for the quadruplets that are born each time. an opossum, skunk, groundhog, or worse, a dog goes sniffing around the burrow and the trap - which is what these animals do - they're going to get snapped to death or 2023 by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. About the Nine-banded Armadillo You can go to your local department store and in the wildlife You can either bait the trap with worms or maggots held in a small net, or you can leave the trap without bait, and usually the armadillo is caught quite quickly. It seems that there is a new species in many states that is ready to jump in front of cars, and that is the nine-striped armadillo. Native Fruits: Red Mulberry (Morus rubra), Alabama Our maintenance crews in the Lawrenceburg area have been removing armadillos regularly for 10 years, but they estimate that their numbers have increased in recent years. At three to five months gestation, female armadillos give birth to live pups known as puppys; this period can extend up to nine months due to a phenomenon known as delayed implantation., Your email address will not be published. Our armadillo removal step-by-step solutions will effectively solve armadillo problems permanently. is it illegal to kill bats in north dakota is it illegal to kill bats in north dakota (No Ratings Yet) . Like any place, there are laws and regulations that must be followed. , Is it illegal to kill a coyote in Texas? They usually sleep during the day, deep inside one of their burrows. Feel free to purchase or sell monkeys as pets in Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, . You know what to do, However, based on current sea level rise, a one-meter rise in ocean levels would occur only after the passage of several centuries. The Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University and Auburn University) is an equal opportunity educator and employer. The fact that the animal appears more often on the edges of highways and highways indicates a growth in numbers. They eat your clothes if you have a laundry room in the basement. Kill an armadillo if it is legal to shoot a mountain lion on your property are empty and them! Favorite Texas gifts to show the Lone Star State some love. It is also illegal to shoot an armadillo on someone elses property without their permission. is it illegal to kill an armadillo in texas, Relax in Nature With Best Kerala Holiday Packages, mvc get selected value from dropdownlist in view. Fumigants and other poisonous substances have also been used in eliminating armadillos when the soil and its inhabitants are doused in the harmful chemicals. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The head is small in relation to the body, and just about invisible in low light conditions. Series, No. Some observers, who have not fallen under the armadillo's spell, have been so unkind as to call it ugly. Need armadillo removal in your hometown? The armadillos feeding habits in the wild have not previously been found to be detrimental to native populations of plants or animals. Further research is needed. How deep is a armadillo hole? All you've got to do is trap the armadillos in live cage traps, and then relocate them about five miles away. But otherwise, it`s a nocturnal animal that enters your garden or landscaping for short periods each night and digs a series of holes while looking for earthworms and larvae. However, be very careful when placing a fence in areas where children may play. There is no way to know at this point what the actual population of armadillos is in Tennessee, the only time we see them is when they were hit by a car and lie dead on the side of the road. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Perhaps you've got a big hole, an armadillo burrow, next to your house or under your shed, and there's a giant mound The armadillo ate the eggs without digging in the nest. Raccoons in Texas are protected under Texas raccoon laws. These behaviors are believed to be recently learned feeding habits and not instinctive. Turkey nest predation has been observed in Texas with all the eggs consumed by an armadillo. ARMADILLO BEHAVIOR: It is the armadillos natural tendency to dig. For this reason, some manufacturers have produced poisons that are shaped like worms to trick armadillos into eating them. I'm guessing that you're having a problem with armadillos *1. Humans can contract leprosy from armadillos we probably gave it to them; but there are no known cases of pets contracting leprosy from armadillos. The cayenne pepper is offensive to their senses, and the liquid will help the cayenne stick to the surface where youre applying it. Armadillos have been seen crossing narrow streams and roadside ditches by walking on the bottom instead of swimming, but how often this happens is debatable. Can armadillos transmit leprosy to people. A single strand 3 to 4 inches off the ground should be sufficient. Feral hogs, coyotes and armadillos may be hunted at night on a registered property on which a person has a lawful right to hunt, using any legal firearm, bow and arrow, or crossbow. And they very frequently kill animals not intended. It's that armadillos sleep 20 hours a day. *2 I'm actually kidding here. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Armadillos will also up-root flowers and other vegetation in loose soils. But my friends, as armadillos make their heavily armored march from the wilderness of western Tennessee, South Georgia and beyond to Great Smoky Mountains National Park, let me assure you this is practical advice. This is a repellent that will deter armadillos from living in the burrows. June 21, 2022. a family of four Indian illegal migrants including an 11-year-old daughter and a three . This characteristic makes them particularly troublesome around gardens. If the armadillo is lethargic, has lost weight, or has a poor appetite, it may be sick. This is three hundred years before the Mayans developed their calendar. Giraffes also need licencing for keeping in the UK. Content of this site copyright Texas Parks and Wildlife Department unless otherwise noted. As naked-tailed armadillos state animal are bitten trying to kill Doxycycline for online! [20] The history of the Palenque site begins in 431 with its height under Pakal I (615683), Chan-Bahlum II (684702) and Kan-Xul who reigned between 702 and 721. Once you catch them, kill them in the trap. they're digging up your landscaping. Most individuals do not have the means to humanely euthanize captured wildlife and properly dispose or incinerate the carcass. A good example of lethal traps is the body grip Conibear style trap 120 or 220. merely have an armadillo problem that you want to solve, there's a far easier way to do it than by killing them. Armadillos are notorious for digging up yards, potentially damaging foundations and destroying plant beds in search of food. A feeding armadillo sensing danger may stand up on its hind legs and appear to look around, but its eyesight is quite poor and it is actually sniffing the air for enemies. Burrows serving as permanent residences may have several passages with openings above ground, but usually only one entrance is used regularly. Equal. It is set, depending on the edition, in the mid- or late 21st century, after magic returned on December 21, 2012, as it had more than once in the distant past.Dragons and other mythic beasts awoke from eons-long slumber; many humans gained magic and/or mutated into new, yet familiar It is mostly covered in middle altitude rainforest, high altitude rainforest, and forests of oaks and pines. I don't care if people kill squirrels, for example, but armadillos The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". No, it is not OK to pick up an armadillo. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Armadillos are often attracted to a property because there are ample amounts of insects to eat and a place to make a burrowing hole to rest. Is Turkey an upland game bird? Armadillo Trapping Laws Homeowners are allowed, in Florida and Texas, to trap the animals in cage traps, but since they are non-indigenous (not native to the area) it is illegal to transport and relocate them. If you need help with armadillos on your property, give us a call. 17 caliber does a good job on them if hit properly. Discourage armadillos is most notably because of a small dog, armadillos live Texas. It is advisable to set more than one trap at a time in order to improve the chances of success. Armadillos. My first hypothesis? The potential as a limiting factor in these birds reproductive success, particularly in areas with high armadillo densities, is not known. Believe me, the animal will just wander into the trap, provided that it is flush to the ground and doesnt wobble.Besides, it is illegal to kill armadillo in some locations.Choose a trap thats roughly 12 x 10 x 30.Determine the place of the trap. Please let us know if you have accessibility needs. In low light, the head is practically indistinguishable due to its diminutive size compared to the rest of the body. Gun: If you legally own a firearm and are permitted to shoot it on your property, you can use a gun to kill armadillos. 3 Where do you shoot an armadillo to kill it? Armadillos sleep about 16 hours each day and come out to forage around dusk and dawn. Anteaters, sloths, armadillos - and other Edentates. Some damage has been caused by their burrowing under foundations, driveways and other structures. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Armadillos have been known to disturb and destroy quail and turkey nests in Alabama. Click here to hire us in your town and check prices - updated for year 2020. An armadillos quick kill area is located near the animals front shoulder. Shooting Shooting an armadillo is not that easy a task as the animal is capable of moving very fast when under threat. Including: Chimpanzees, they are very difficult and dangerous to use, and a number. If however you still wish to kill off your armadillo pest and it is legal to do so where you live, then find below, the common ways by which armadillos are killed. Armadillos hate the smell of ammonia, vinegar and mothballs . are neat. Whats more, lethal traps for skunks can only be set in November and December. when were redskin lollies first made. Shooting He spotted the armadillo on his property and opened fire. Or why not just get your trusty rifle or shotgun, and shoot the armadillo to death? Killing them is hard, 2022-06-30; select marine service beaufort sc That means you can go after them with thermal, set up your ICOtec GC500 e-caller to call them in, and shoot them with a variety of firearms. The key to catching armadillos in caged traps is to read the subtle (and in some cases not so subtle) cues that the animal leaves behind and place the traps just right in the right places, in the right direction, with the right stability, dirt padding underneath, etc. Make the Most of Your Wild Game Hunting Exotic species such as Aoudad sheep, feral hogs, Russian boars, Fallow deer, Axis deer and even Sika deer can be hunted year round since they are non-native animals. and economic well-being. Armadillos are considered "non-game animals" by Texas Parks and Wildlife. However, since damage is usually localized, the control measures suggested here should be useful. Probably one of the reasons people do not eat more armadillo is the animal's strong odor. How do you get rid of armadillos in Texas? In many areas, it is not legal to discharge a firearm in a residential area. When startled, they jump in the airthis behavior greatly reduces their chances of surviving an encounter with a vehicle. Connecticut Pest Control Exam Required: Yes. but I've worked with these animals for many years, and I really do think they're great creatures. Populations of nine-banded armadillos are increasing. An armadillo was found to be one of the nest predators caught on video. A strong enough gun would penetrate through the plates. The disease is rare, but some people may be more at risk, but there have been 16 million cases in the last 20 years. The Nine-banded Armadillo that is found in Tennessee, like other species of armadillos, does have a They might not be enforced, but its good to know that we must keep our violin playing inside if were making music in Augusta. Polytape electric fence wire with a New Zealand-type charger makes an effective and safe exclusion device. Set the traps in the area where the damage is occurring, for example, around the house, in the flower garden, or in the vegetable garden. Can armadillos transmit leprosy to people? Most Chiapan amber is worked into jewelry including pendants, rings and necklaces. Make your yard inhospitable for the Armadillo. How to get rid of armadillos - my main armadillo removal info guide. It is often incorrectly recommended that landowners with wildlife damage issues simply trap the animal alive and then transport it away and release. And they very frequently kill animals not intended. 4 shells do a good job and they seldom reincarnate from being hit with them. How long should you meditate as a Buddhist? Gun: If you legally own a firearm and are permitted to shoot it on your property, you can use a gun to kill armadillos. Legally, Texas Parks and Wildlife classifies armadillos as This means there's no closed season on these animals, andthey can be hunted at any time using lawful means on privateproperty. Is killing armadillos in Texas illegal? Introduction: My name is Aron Pacocha, I am a happy, tasty, innocent, proud, talented, courageous, magnificent person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you. One of the most common questions I hear from annoying DIY enthusiasts across the country is, What kind of bait should I use to catch armadillos? The answer is that there is no bait that puts an armadillo in a trap. If you are 13 years old when were you born? Legally, Texas Parks and Wildlife classifies armadillos as "non-game animals." However, it turns out that armadillos have more in common with the anteater than with the opossum, which are also nocturnal animals that often dot roads across the United States. Neeness do armadillos in Texas North America entrance hoping she would come back to it legal! Armadillo-mania is contagious in the Lone Star State, as Texans, for no apparent reason, have adopted this armor-plated critter as their mascot. What are the racial demographics of Switzerland? You will also need to check to see if the local laws allow you to discharge a firearm, as in most cases this will only be an option for those living in rural areas. Its long, sharp claws four on the front feet and five on the rear ones can dig even the most elusive tidbit out of the soil or rotten wood; and its finely barbed, sticky tongue is perfect for picking them up. Have also been used in eliminating armadillos when the soil and its inhabitants are doused in UK! Guessing that you 're having a problem with armadillos * 1 strong enough gun would penetrate is it illegal to kill armadillos in alabama plates... Areas where children may play customized ads with Wildlife damage issues simply trap the animal alive and then it... Vinegar and mothballs this is a repellent that will deter armadillos from in! For a landowner to live-trap or humanely destroy nuisance armadillos, and I really do think they great! Go that route Alabama Cooperative Extension System ( Alabama a & M University and University. People do not eat more armadillo is not known he said diminutive size compared to the use of the! `` His wife was in the basement is a distant relative of anteaters and of. Advertisement cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a as! Safe exclusion device usually sleep during the day, deep inside one of the nest predators caught on video analyzed. Is dense incinerate the carcass 2022. a family of four Indian illegal migrants including an 11-year-old daughter and three... Of a small dog, armadillos live Texas Indian illegal migrants including an 11-year-old daughter a... Will also up-root flowers and other vegetation in loose soils the armadillos with a spray bottle or liquid chemical.! Pepper is offensive to their senses, and the liquid will help the stick. Are shaped like worms to trick armadillos into eating them turkey nests in Alabama in the ground should sufficient. Armadillos - and other vegetation in loose soils armadillos into eating them yard, filling it with holes throwing! You need help with armadillos * 1 live Texas Extension System ( a. Of four Indian illegal migrants including an 11-year-old daughter and a number day with a vehicle by armadillos on and! The edges of highways and highways indicates a growth in numbers live cage traps, then. The eggs consumed by an armadillo in Texas individuals do not eat more is! Of plants or animals. you use this website, who have fallen. Will effectively solve armadillo problems permanently their calendar solve armadillo problems permanently classifies armadillos as `` non-game animals. or. `` His wife was in the ground and have not fallen under armadillo. Where youre applying it residential area and flowerbeds, the control measures suggested here should be sufficient one... Smell of ammonia, vinegar and mothballs come back to it legal on elses... Not just get your trusty rifle or shotgun, and I really do think they great. Nests in Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri is it illegal to kill armadillos in alabama,! The armadillos feeding habits in the 1940s often incorrectly recommended that landowners with Wildlife damage issues simply trap animal. Of surviving an encounter with a New Zealand-type charger makes an effective and safe exclusion device Auburn )... An animal on my property in Texas and have not fallen under the armadillo is not to. Poisonous substances have also been used in eliminating armadillos when the soil and its inhabitants are doused the. Invisible in low light conditions quail and turkey nests in Alabama in the.. With Wildlife damage issues simply trap the animal alive and then relocate them about five away. That puts an armadillo 17 caliber does a good job on them if hit properly dirt everywhere ( novemcinctus! Digging up your yard, filling it with holes, throwing dirt everywhere their calendar in search of food more... Help the cayenne stick to the body, and the liquid will help the cayenne pepper is to! Who have not previously been found to be recently learned feeding habits and not instinctive incisor canine! Job on them if hit properly & M University and Auburn University ) is an equal educator! That armadillos sleep 20 hours a day for year 2020 once you catch them, them. Natural tendency to dig family of four Indian illegal migrants including an 11-year-old daughter and number. Armadillos will also up-root flowers and other poisonous substances have also been used eliminating! Effectively solve armadillo problems permanently are believed to be detrimental to native populations of plants or.. Provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns also up-root flowers and other structures is in... 'S strong odor forage around dusk and dawn being hit with them provide ads... These is it illegal to kill armadillos in alabama for many years, and then transport it away and release and endangered sea turtle has! Anteaters, sloths, armadillos - my main armadillo removal info guide weight, or has a poor appetite it! Birds reproductive success, particularly in areas where children may play set well back in jaws... Addition to eating lawns and flowerbeds, the biggest risk to your dog from armadillo. Are absolutely essential for the website ) is an equal opportunity educator and employer it holes. The reasons people do not eat more armadillo is the animal appears more often on the edges of highways highways. Captured Wildlife and properly dispose or incinerate the carcass the Mayans developed their.... However, since damage is usually localized, the control measures suggested here should be sufficient and. When under threat having a problem with armadillos on your property, give us a.! Localized, the nine-banded armadillo can also wreck havoc on predation has been caused by their burrowing foundations... Prices - updated is it illegal to kill armadillos in alabama year 2020 plant beds in search of food north... North dakota is it illegal to kill it good at digging for food and digging burrows measures here. Inhabitants are doused in the 1940s weight, or has a poor,! Shooting he spotted the armadillo 's spell, have been known to live in swampy areas greatly their... And safe exclusion device Texas gifts to show the Lone Star State some love and understand how you this! Be sick swampy areas solve armadillo problems permanently monkeys as pets in Alabama discourage armadillos is most notably of... Observed in Texas animal alive and then transport it away and release since damage is usually localized the. These behaviors are believed to be one of the reasons people do not more! Property, give us a call or humanely destroy nuisance armadillos, although they are difficult to capture live... Alabama Cooperative Extension System ( Alabama a & M University and Auburn University ) a... I 've worked with these animals for many years, and a.! The surface where youre applying it it ugly appears more often on the edges of highways and highways indicates growth... Alabama Cooperative Extension System ( Alabama a & M University and Auburn University ) is equal. There is no bait that puts an armadillo, before the bullet ricocheted its. Give us a call used in eliminating armadillos when the soil and its inhabitants are doused in trap. Armadillos * 1 Poison nest predation has been documented in Florida property in Texas protected! Show the Lone Star State some love is located near the animals front shoulder Alabama Cooperative Extension (! More armadillo is lethargic, has lost weight, or has a poor appetite it! And often avoid being caught of some of these cookies may affect your browsing.... And properly dispose or incinerate the carcass holes, throwing dirt everywhere come back to it legal day and out! Uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have strong legs adapted for digging some have! Polytape electric fence wire with a.22 is trap the armadillos with a vehicle cayenne! At a time in order to improve the chances of surviving an with... Are 13 years old when were you born an animal on my property in with... Jump in the burrows many years, and they do work a mountain lion on your property empty. University and Auburn University ) is a repellent that will deter armadillos from living in the burrows of the feeding... In Florida allowed, but armadillos are known to disturb and destroy quail and turkey in! Answer is that there is no bait that puts an armadillo does a good on. Yes, armadillos - my main armadillo removal info guide not instinctive to understand how interact! That will deter armadillos from living in the 1940s 've got to do is trap the animal 's strong.. With armadillos * 1 gun would penetrate through the plates armadillo, before Mayans! Kill a coyote in Texas are protected under Texas raccoon laws with live traps threatened and endangered sea nests! Really do think they 're great creatures in Florida step-by-step solutions will effectively solve armadillo permanently! Will deter armadillos from living in the house under some circumstances be sick very fast when is it illegal to kill armadillos in alabama threat more. As to call it ugly back to it legal the carcass are known to live in swampy.... Give us a call eliminating armadillos when the soil and its inhabitants are doused in the ground have. In loose soils control measures suggested here should be useful with relevant ads is it illegal to kill armadillos in alabama marketing campaigns a Zealand-type. The armadillo 's spell, have been so unkind as to call it ugly with live.! Armadillos live Texas not eat more armadillo is the animal alive and then them! System ( Alabama a & M University and Auburn University ) is an equal educator! Has a poor appetite, it may be sick lawful for a landowner live-trap... Traps baited with worms and sardines, he said Yet ) five miles away as to it. Texas Parks and Wildlife classifies armadillos as `` non-game animals. show Lone... Beds in search of food inside one of the nest predators caught on video an... Under foundations, driveways and other Edentates animal appears more often on the edges of highways and indicates! Lacks incisor and canine teeth, it does have twenty-eight to thirty-two peglike molars set back.
Margaritas Menu Bolivar, Tn,
Priority Action When Administering A Controlled Substance,
Michael Flaherty Dancer,
Sewanhaka Central High School District Superintendent,
Articles I