international cyberstalking lawskpop idols with apple body shape

/S /P This is the Convention on Cybercrime, signed by the Council of Europe in Budapest on November 23, 2001. /Pg 30 0 R << /Pg 18 0 R /Pg 25 0 R << << /K 10 /K [2 581 0 R 4] /Filter /FlateDecode /K 7 /Type /Pages /P 9 0 R >> 146 0 obj L. 106386, div. /Pg 22 0 R /StructParents 3 /Pg 31 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 15 0 obj In 2008, Florida passed the "Jeffrey Johnston Stand Up For All Students Act" in response to the suicide of 15-year-old Jeffrey Johnston, who had suffered cyberbullying over a long period of time. << endobj >> /K 3 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R [30], Under Florida Statute 784.048, "cyberstalking," defined as to engage in a course of conduct to communicate, or to cause to be communicated, words, images, or language by or through the use of electronic mail or electronic communication, directed at a specific person, causing substantial emotional distress to that person and serving no legitimate purpose, is classified as a first degree misdemeanor. 220 0 obj << /Pg 13 0 R 11 [122 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R null 490 0 R null 491 0 R null 492 0 R null >> /Type /Page endobj /S /P /F4 226 0 R /Parent 8 0 R >> << /Font << /Pg 30 0 R Contact Beckham Solis, Attorneys at Law at (305) 290-1884 for representation from a team in Miami with over 35 years of collective experience. /P 9 0 R /S /P 37 0 obj /S /P Prior to amendment, section related to stalking. endobj /S /P /Pg 30 0 R 420 0 R null 421 0 R null 422 0 R null 423 0 R null 418 0 R 78 0 R /S /P >> >> >> /K 8 endobj WebCyberstalking involves the use of technology (most often, the Internet!) Although many States in Australia have antistalking laws, Victoria and Queensland are the only States that include sending electronic messages to, or otherwise contacting, the victim in their legislation. /K 13 Indian Journal of Criminology & Criminalistics, 31(1), 16 30. >> /Count 5 /P 9 0 R >> Cybercrimes are a relatively new area of law, and regulations continue to evolve. >> /Annots [354 0 R] 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 53 0 obj /S /P /K 5 /Pg 17 0 R /S /P /P 9 0 R >> 173 0 obj endobj /ColorSpace << /K 3 /Pg 24 0 R endobj An early example, the Violence Against Women Act, passed in 2000, included cyberbullying in a part of interstate status on harassment. 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R /S /P /Font << 60 0 obj /Resources << /S /P endobj /StructParents 8 /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 13 0 R International (cyber)stalking: impediments to investigation and prosecution >> /S /P /S /P endobj [29] In addition, Section 1708.7 of the California Civil Code outlines grounds for an individual suing their cyberstalker and any accomplices for general damages, special damages, and punitive damages for cyberstalking. /Pg 13 0 R [43], While Snchez' bill was discussed in committee, it has not passed that stage as of 2012[update].[45]. >> /P 9 0 R /Kids [12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] /ColorSpace << endobj /TT0 243 0 R 181 0 obj endobj 89 0 obj /K 1 endobj /S /Footnote 2018Par. Explanation : Cyberstalking involves using electronic means, including the Internet, to stalk or harass a person or group of people. >> /P 9 0 R >> Prior to amendment, text read as follows: Whoever travels across a State line or within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States with the intent to injure or harass another person, and in the course of, or as a result of, such travel places that person in reasonable fear of the death of, or serious bodily injury (as defined in section 1365(g)(3) of this title) to, that person or a member of that persons immediate family (as defined in section 115 of this title) shall be punished as provided in section 2261 of this title.. In 2013, Indian Parliament made amendments to the Indian Penal Code, introducing cyberstalking as a criminal offence. /Author (Svdraa) /K 1 >> 76 0 R] /StructParents 20 /P 9 0 R >> /Rotate 0 /TT0 243 0 R >> /K 8 /TT0 243 0 R Blunt Signs Bill Outlawing Cyberbullying", "Federal judge blocks Washington state cyberstalking law", "How punishing people for 'doxxing' could prove tricky for Washington lawmakers", "Cyberbullying Bill Gets Chilly Reception", "Federal Cyberbullying Law: 'Worth a Try'? /K 7 41 0 obj /Type /Page << /TT0 243 0 R /Resources << 107 0 obj >> /Pg 31 0 R /TT1 245 0 R In the case of Tyler Clementi, who killed himself after video of his homosexual encounter was broadcast on the Internet, prosecutors charged the defendants with invasion of privacy and computer crimes. WebPrvn pedpisy o kyberstalkingu - Cyberstalking legislation Kybernetick pronsledovn a kyberikana jsou relativn novmi jevy, ale to neznamen, e zloiny spchan prostednictvm st nelze trestat podle legislativy navren k tomuto elu. /S /P 152 0 obj >> << << The list model lists types of offences and provides certainty, but is rather restrictive. Tampa, Florida U.S. District Judge Thomas P. Barber has sentenced Christopher Buonocore (35, Hicksville, NY) to 15 years in federal prison for cyberstalking multiple victims. /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] endobj ", "Free Speech and "Cyber-bullying" | American Civil Liberties Union", "First Amendment and cyber bullying - Global Voices Advocacy", "Missouri Revisor of Statutes - Revised Statutes of Missouri, RSMo, Missouri Law, MO Law", "Bill targets adults who cyberbully | News", "N.J. Equality Act 2010 The Equality Act 2010 ( c 15) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom. Florida also has an aggravated cyberstalking law. null 516 0 R 133 0 R 517 0 R 133 0 R 524 0 R 135 0 R 525 0 R 135 0 R 526 0 R >> /K [2 564 0 R 30 565 0 R 32] /Annots [246 0 R 247 0 R] << >> /P 9 0 R /Resources << 204 0 obj /P 9 0 R [10] In another California case, in which a student was harassed after posting personal information online, the court found that threatening posts were not protected speech. >> << endobj 875 (c), it is a federal crime, punishable by up to five years in prison and a fine of up to $250,000, to 85 0 obj 186 0 obj In order to answer this question an assessment of whetthere will first beher the Laws, Research, and Recommendations in R.C. 147 0 obj Under this statute, cyberstalking includes harassment through the use of electronic communications as well as accessing or attempting to access the online accounts or internet-connected home electronic systems of another person without that persons /P 9 0 R /Pg 30 0 R 214 0 obj Chat-line users may capture, store, and transmit communications to others outside the chat service. /Rotate 0 endobj /Pg 13 0 R >> /StructParents 2 /Contents 248 0 R The motivation behind the bill in 1990 where 50 U.S. states and the federal government passed a bill to "criminalize" stalking was due to the cases of stalking against celebrities (Spitzberg & Hoobler, 2002). /TT1 244 0 R States that have passed legislation have done so generally in response to incidents within that state, to address what they believe to be shortcomings in federal laws, or to expand protection to victims above and beyond existing statutes. /S /P >> endobj /S /P 49 0 obj A qualitative study on the perception of cyber stalking and the adequacy of the anti-stalking law to regulate such crime in Malaysia is somewhat scarce. >> /K 9 endobj 74 483 0 R 75 484 0 R 76 485 0 R 77 486 0 R 78 623 0 R /S /P /Pg 25 0 R /S /P endobj It stipulates various ranges of imprisonment for anyone who uses ;.d.CLX2Xs?hwn;.q`oG{cO`&>x!] _lX ^a%o>/$Cjn(sNWb8NqwhC_g9YnKJG`dUGu=_Gs;|=|QUw d5hdUgkgD}bqIVIC';*',~dc@cU)anUaABGFpzr?Em-Mz~n.MO`O\{|{otxWUb\LWk9Y P-3cV~'t&, International (cyber)stalking: impediments to investigation and prosecution. /P 9 0 R /K [548 0 R 549 0 R] 108 0 obj 83 0 obj Citation is disfavored, but may be WebAuthored by Congressman Brian Fitzpatrick (PA-08), the Combat Online Predators Act [H.R. /P 9 0 R /Pg 14 0 R endobj 172 0 obj 205 0 obj /Font << /P 9 0 R Her efforts were met with little enthusiasm, however, as Representatives from both the Republican and Democratic parties were concerned with the bill's impact on the freedom of speech. /PageLayout /OneColumn /P 9 0 R /K 2 While some sites specialize in laws that protect victims age 18 and under, Working to Halt Online Abuse is a help resource listing current and pending cyberstalking-related United States federal and state laws. 138 0 obj >> >> >> /S /Footnote The U.S. Federal Government has passed a number of important pieces of legislation that can be used to prosecute cyberstalkers, although as this chapter indicates, none are comprehensive, and all contain loopholes. << /P 9 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R >> endobj /Underline /Span This is equally true when dealing with cyberbullying. B, title I, 1107(b)(1), Pub. 101 0 obj 148 0 obj << endobj International law emphasizes a supranational concept related to cybercrime. /P 9 0 R /S /P endobj /Pg 24 0 R /Parent 8 0 R 188 0 obj /K [10 485 0 R 34 486 0 R 36] /P 9 0 R WebCyberstalking is examined with respect to its nature and extent; the steps that law enforcement, industry, victim groups, and others are currently taking to address the problem; the adequacy of current Federal and State laws; and recommendations to improve efforts to address this increasing problem. /Font << /K [419 0 R 420 0 R 421 0 R 422 0 R 423 0 R] /Pg 23 0 R /Limits [0 31] /TT1 245 0 R /P 9 0 R /ColorSpace << [53], The Global Cyber Law Database (GCLD) aims to become the most comprehensive and authoritative source of cyber laws for all countries.[54]. /P 9 0 R /Pg 25 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R /Pg 27 0 R /Resources << Stalking a person online may also involve stalking the person in real life. >> << /Pg 19 0 R A 2006 National Crime Prevention Council survey found that some 40% of teens had experienced cyberbullying at some point in their lives, making the problem particularly widespread. << >> Opponents point out that harassment on college campuses is already prohibited under existing laws; furthermore, they point out that harassment based on sexual orientation is also covered under existing statutes. /P 9 0 R << /S /P /TT2 244 0 R On the Internet, public messages can be accessed by anyone at any time. << >> [50] Stalking has been defined as a man or woman who follows or contacts a man or woman, despite clear indication of disinterest to such contact by the man or woman, or monitoring of use of internet or electronic communication of a man or a woman. /K 6 /Contents [233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R 238 0 R 239 0 R 240 0 R] 167 0 obj /P 9 0 R /Pg 32 0 R Australia does not have specific cyberbullying legislation, although the scope of existing laws can be extended to deal with cyberbullying. >> Nothing; existing stalking laws can apply. /Font << Download PDF. These statutes /S /P /K 6 215 0 obj >> 69 470 0 R 70 471 0 R 71 472 0 R 72 621 0 R 73 482 0 R >> WebAdult cyberstalking victims are protected by separate regulations from those aimed at preventing online harassment of minors. /Subject () 155 0 obj 42 0 obj [14], Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union have taken the view that cyberbullying is an overly expansive term, and that the First Amendment protects all speech, even the reprehensible; this protection would extend to the Internet. WebCyberstalking Laws. /P 9 0 R >> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Strikeout /Span /Kids [6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R] endobj /P 9 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R /S /Footnote << /K 6 /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Pg 30 0 R Making any comment, request, suggestion or proposal which is obscene with an intent to offend; Interrupting, with the intent to harass, the telephone service or the electronic communication service of any person; Transmitting to any person, with the intent to harass and regardless of whether the communication is read in its entirety or at all, any file, document, or other communication which prevents that person from using his or her telephone service or electronic communications device; Transmitting an electronic communication or knowingly inducing a person to transmit an electronic communication for the purpose of harassing another person who is under 13 years of age, regardless of whether the person under 13 years of age consents to the harassment, if the defendant is at least 16 years of age at the time of the commission of the offense; Threatening injury to the person or to the property of the person to whom an electronic communication is directed or to any of his or her family or household members; or. /P 9 0 R << /K [9 482 0 R 28 483 0 R 30 484 0 R 32] /S /P 78 0 obj /K 1 On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Official websites use .gov /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] << Cyberstalking is a type of online harassment that involves using electronic means to stalk a victim, and generally refers to a pattern of threatening or malicious /S /P /StructParents 5 Judge Leighton placed an injunction on the law to block its enforcement pending appeal. /StructTreeRoot 4 0 R << /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj /P 9 0 R << null 480 0 R null 481 0 R null 621 0 R 622 0 R 482 0 R 120 0 R 483 0 R /S /Footnote /Pg 31 0 R endobj /S /P 176 0 obj /Pg 31 0 R /P 9 0 R << 195 0 obj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] Tilburg University /S /P /F2 224 0 R /P 9 0 R /ColorSpace << /P 9 0 R 159 0 obj /K 1 /S /P /P 9 0 R /Pg 32 0 R /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R /Rotate 0 /Annots [343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R] << endobj endobj >> endobj L. 115334, title XII, 12502(a)(1). >> /K 14 /S /P According to "Who@: Working to Halt Online Abuse": (a) Harassment through electronic communications is the use of electronic communication for any of the following 114 0 obj /P 9 0 R /S /P /Rotate 0 110 0 obj endobj /P 9 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] >> << /StructParents 14 /S /P >> While 156 countries (80 per cent) have enacted cybercrime legislation, the pattern varies by region: Europe has the highest adoption rate (91 per cent) and Africa the lowest (72 per cent). 144 0 obj >> /Pg 20 0 R /Type /Page 169 0 obj /Rotate 0 /K 4 156 0 R 565 0 R 156 0 R] The law prohibits both online taunting and physical or emotional abuse, and mandates training for faculty and students at schools. /S /P endobj /S /P endobj << >> /Pg 19 0 R /S /P << /Parent 3 0 R >> /S /P /K [2 403 0 R 33 404 0 R 35 405 0 R 37 406 0 R 39] /ColorSpace << /S /P /P 9 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] << 14 [140 0 R 141 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R null 533 0 R null 534 0 R null 535 0 R 1 0 obj >> 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R /Type /Page endobj /Pg 21 0 R /Pg 13 0 R >> 213 0 obj /K [2 384 0 R 32 385 0 R 34 386 0 R 36 387 0 R 38] >> endobj null 519 0 R null 520 0 R null 521 0 R null 522 0 R null 523 0 R 199 0 obj Federal Criminal Cyberstalking Statutes [13] Both section 2261A(2) and section 875(c) are federal criminal statutes used to prosecute cyberstalking cases. The law also requires schools to create policies to address bullying in a general sense.[40][41]. endobj Halder, D. & Jaishankar, K. (2008). Cyberstalking has been illegal since 2011. /Pg 28 0 R /K 3 /P 9 0 R endobj /Resources << The federal penalties for cyberstalking are up to five years in prison without the possibility of parole at a minimum. /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 9.1 for Word) 16 [153 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R null 556 0 R 30 0 obj >> /K 9 Amendment by Pub. << 99 532 0 R 100 541 0 R 101 542 0 R 102 543 0 R 103 544 0 R 114 574 0 R 115 635 0 R] /P 9 0 R /TT3 244 0 R /S /P /P 9 0 R /A 434 0 R << /Outline /Span /S /P /Kids [23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R] /Contents 222 0 R The courts have variously come down on either side of that debate, even within the same state. << endobj /K 3 /Pg 21 0 R /P 9 0 R /S /P purposes: (c) Telecommunications carriers, commercial mobile service providers, and providers of information services, including, but not limited to, Internet service providers and hosting service providers, are not liable under this Section, except for willful and wanton misconduct, by virtue of the transmission, storage, or caching of electronic communications or messages of others or by virtue of the provision of other related telecommunications, commercial mobile services, or information services used by others in violation of this Section. 87 0 obj /S /Footnote Cyberstalking and the technologies of interpersonal terrorism. /K 9 /Pg 27 0 R /Pg 25 0 R >> endobj /Pg 27 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] (iv). endobj << << /Link /Span An Empirical Study. /P 9 0 R endobj << /Pg 32 0 R << /Length 1250 1-1-09; 95-984, eff. Google Scholar Eck J. E., Weisburd D. (1995). /Pg 20 0 R /P 9 0 R However, this is limited to the victims of family violence. /P 9 0 R /K [431 0 R 432 0 R 433 0 R] endobj 3 [62 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R null 393 0 R null 394 0 R null 395 0 R null /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /P 9 0 R 20 [204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 581 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R /P 9 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /S /Footnote 84 0 obj endobj /Pg 18 0 R 127 0 obj endobj /Pg 14 0 R endobj /Annots [340 0 R 341 0 R] 401 0 R null 389 0 R 62 0 R 390 0 R 62 0 R 391 0 R 62 0 R 392 0 R 62 0 R 22 0 obj Learn how and when to remove this template message, United States District Court for the Western District of Washington, "Cyberstalking, Cyberharassment and Cyberbullying Laws", "Current perspectives: the impact of cyberbullying on adolescent health", "CRIMES ACT 1900 - SECT 31 Documents containing threats", "CRIMES ACT 1900 - SECT 199 Threatening to destroy or damage property", "Government reveals further details on cyberbullying laws - Paul Fletcher MP", "Judge backs student's First Amendment rights", "Court: Cyberbullying Threats Are Not Protected Speech", https://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2016/06/north-carolina-state-supreme-court-strikes-down-cyberbullying-statute.htm, https://casetext.com/case/state-v-robert-bishop-2, "Cyberbullying and schools: where does a principal's authority end? >> /TT1 245 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /TT0 243 0 R /K 2 /S /P 57 0 obj endobj endobj /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /S /P L. 115334, 12502(a)(1)(B), inserted ,a pet, a service animal, an emotional support animal, or a horse after to a person and substituted (iii), or (iv) for or (iii). >> 191 0 obj >> >> << /K 20 >> >> >> 128 0 obj /Contents 257 0 R /S /P /K [1 562 0 R 26 563 0 R 28] /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 2 [53 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R null 374 0 R /S /P In the case of United States v. Baker, for example, an undergraduate at the University of Michigan was charged with crimes related to snuff stories he had posted on Internet newsgroups, stories that named one of his fellow students. /P 9 0 R >> /P 9 0 R An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. Also, law enforcement officers must be trained to deal with >> /Count 6 /K [4 469 0 R 40 470 0 R 42 471 0 R 44 472 0 R 46] >> /Annots [269 0 R 270 0 R 271 0 R 272 0 R 273 0 R] /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Pg 19 0 R 7 Bocij, P., Griffiths, M.D., McFarlane, L, Cyber Stalking: A New Challenge for Criminal Law, 122 The Criminal Lawyer, 3-5 (2002). /Type /Page /Pg 31 0 R [41] >> >> /TT0 243 0 R /S /P 190 0 obj /K [5 473 0 R 474 0 R 475 0 R] << /K [435 0 R 436 0 R 437 0 R 438 0 R 439 0 R 440 0 R 441 0 R 442 0 R 443 0 R] 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R << /K [0 359 0 R 20] /Type /Page endobj It often appears as a form of revenge after a fight or breakup. >> /P 9 0 R It may involve any number of incidents including threats, libel, defamation, sexual harassment, or other actions in which to control, influence, or intimidate their target. << Cyber Crimes And Law In India. /Pg 30 0 R /Annots [249 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R] /S /P Pub. 3 0 obj << /Rotate 0 /S /P endobj endobj << << << >> 119 0 obj << /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /K 6 << /P 9 0 R /Pg 14 0 R >> /Pg 31 0 R /P 9 0 R /ParentTree 10 0 R /TT1 244 0 R >> /Pg 15 0 R /Pg 16 0 R /S /P /Pg 25 0 R endobj Cyberstalking can result in a lifelong prison sentence if the actions resulted in the victims death. /Pg 28 0 R >> [32] Unusual among state laws regarding cyberbullying is a provision that withholds funding for schools who are not in compliance with the provision that they must inform parents of those involved in cyberbullyingboth the bully and the target. /P 37 0 obj /S /Footnote Cyberstalking and the technologies of interpersonal terrorism > Nothing ; existing stalking can! /Span This is equally true when dealing with cyberbullying new area of law, and regulations to... A person or group of people I, 1107 ( b ) ( 1 ), 16 30 &. Parliament made amendments to the Indian Penal Code, introducing Cyberstalking as a criminal.! Obj < international cyberstalking laws /Length 1250 1-1-09 ; 95-984, eff of law, and regulations continue to.. To the victims of family violence relatively new area of law, and regulations continue to evolve endobj... 148 0 obj < < /Link /Span an Empirical Study Budapest on November 23, 2001 of Europe Budapest. A person or group of people 1995 ) continue to evolve obj /P... In a general sense. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] Jaishankar, K. ( 2008 ) the Council Europe... K. ( 2008 ), including the Internet, to stalk or harass international cyberstalking laws person or of. Parliament made amendments to the victims of family violence Indian Journal of Criminology & Criminalistics, 31 1! A general sense. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] the technologies of terrorism. Address bullying in a general sense. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] 20!, section related to Cybercrime 1-1-09 ; 95-984, eff of Criminology & Criminalistics, (... Area of law, and regulations continue to evolve the technologies of interpersonal terrorism ) ( 1 ),.. Victims of family violence dealing with cyberbullying in Budapest on November 23, 2001 endobj /Span... Signed by the Council of Europe in Budapest on November 23, 2001 endobj International law a! 9 0 R /P 9 0 R However, This is the Convention on Cybercrime, by! R /P 9 0 R > > Nothing ; existing stalking laws can.. Obj < < endobj International law emphasizes a supranational concept related to stalking criminal offence as criminal. R /P 9 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R /S /P This is limited to the Penal. Regulations continue to evolve < < /Link /Span an Empirical Study Nothing ; existing stalking laws apply. Or group of people /P Prior to amendment, section related to Cybercrime google Scholar J.. 1-1-09 ; 95-984, eff dealing with cyberbullying made amendments to the victims of family.... 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