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Almost 20,000 to 23,000 out of 29,000 villagers and those living in neighboring villages were caught unaware as they succumbed to the tragedy. The largest single failure was the Khait landslide. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; the local modern spelling is Hoit ( Tajik: ). [3], In the area of maximum felt intensity (>IX) most kishlaks were completely destroyed. Unusually for a science paper the article is a ripping-good read. Although heavy rainfall affected other states like Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh almost 90% of the fatalities were associated with Uttarakhand. Tumbling down at terribly swift speeds of twenty feet per second they caused havoc in the residential areas below. The 8.5-magnitude Haiyuan Earthquake was the worlds second deadliest earthquake of the 20th Century. What stopped the Japanese from invading Australia? This report summarizes the costs of landslide damage in San Diego County, Calif., during the winters of 1978-79 and 1979-80 and compares them with data for certain other areas in the United States. The rainstorm brought about landslides and floods destroying nearby towns and villages while also making it challenging for the authorities and rescue teams. and P.E. An article in press in the journal Engineering Geology, by Steve Evans and colleagues (Evans et al. 3 What main factors cause landslides and floods? The rainfall triggered a series of large and small flash floods and debris flows that claimed around 30,000 lives in the region. This landslide triggered a gigantic tsunami in which a tremendous amount of water overpowered the dam in an 820 feet wave devouring and destroying the Piave Valley below with the terrible flooding. The Regional Director . Regular readers will know that one of my interests lies in trying to get a better understanding of the loss of life associated with landslides. The consequences were disastrous with the forming of an inland tidal wave, the force of the fall was so terrible that the atomic bomb type of powerful gust of air crushed the city of Longarone with only 30 children managing to survive. An earthquake created a landslide which buried 33 villages, killing up to 28,000 people. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. 62 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 (4,500 deaths), 7. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; the local modern spelling is Hoit (Tajik: ). The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. Yungay Landslide. More recently, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated annual losses to be between $2 billion and $4 billion per year. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. On average, Australia has an average elevation of 330 metres . For the Khait landslide itself they conclude that about 800 fatalities is probably a reasonable estimate - note that this very considerably less than earlier estimates. The calamity was so dreadful that the bodies could not be retrieved as they had sunk beyond a recovery point, some even washed away in the sea as an added result of the floods. ADVERTISEMENT. Some single landslide events have killed numbers in excess of the populations of small countries. The 1949 Khait (Hoit) earthquake occurred at 0945 local time (0353 UTC) on 10 July in the Gharm Oblast region of Tajikistan. A marble statue of a woman with her head and hands lowered and an expression of grief was later erected at the site. [3] The magnitude was recalculated as 7.5 on the moment magnitude scale in the ISC-GEM catalogue published in 2013. The true scale of the tragedy was not published until after the collapse of the . Other kishlaks were destroyed by loess flowslides in the lower Obi-Kabud River valley and on the north side of the Surkhob River valley. The rock mass began to travel to the northwest as a rockslide into the Obi-Khaus-Dara valley. While the whole city and closeby villages and towns were engulfed by the gigantic chunk of earth and its debris it is unclear about the exact number of people who died mainly because during that time the Soviet Union guarded such information but the total death toll was somewhere around 28,000. One of the landslides buried an entire village in Xiji County as well. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The velocity of the slide has been estimated from the energy required to surmount the terrace on the western river bank, giving a minimum of 22 m/s. The old town of Diexi suffered the worst fate of all as it sank into the landslide-created dam below. 62 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 (4,500 deaths) 7. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. For example, water supplies, fisheries, sewage disposal systems, forests, dams, and roadways can be affected for years after a slide event. The most catastrophic part of landslides is that the rapidly moving debris can cause unexpected dangers to arise by means of broken water, gas, electric, or sewage lines which adds to the threat of losing lives. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. English: View of the Khait landslide triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake, the scar on Chokhran mountain shows the origin of the slide, which overwhelmed the village of Khait. This compares with the reported delay of 3 to 4 minutes between the earthquake and the destruction of Khit, which suggests an overall velocity of 26 m/s. The largest single failure was the Khait landslide. The January 10, 2005 La Conchita landslide was the deadliest single event triggered by the 2004-2005 storm sequence. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The Haiyuan Earthquake/Landslides have been the worst landslide ever recorded in history. Estimates based on likely population densities in the two settlements that suffered the most damage, Khait and Khisorak, suggest that only about 800 people are likely to have died directly as a result of the landslide. Estimates based on likely population densities in the two settlements that suffered the most damage, Khait and Khisorak, suggest that only about 800 people are likely to have died directly as a result of the landslide. Today, there are temporary tombstones around the place that mark the terrible fate of those who died there. The earthquake occurred in a tectonically complex region at the southern ed The Winter of 1999 witnessed unusually heavy rainfall in the Vargas State of Venezuela. Chau K.T., Wong R.H.C., Liu J. and Lee C.F. A recent estimate of the total annual cost of landslide damage is in excess of $1 billion {Schuster, 1978}. Much of the debris flow material was deposited before the slide reached the valley bottom, but the frontal part of the slide began increasingly to incorporate loess material and to accelerate. The rockslide was initiated by failure of part of the western flank of Chokrak Mountain. How did the landslide trigger the eruption of Mt St Helens? Access to full-text content in BioOne Complete from this IP address has been suspended. Failure of drainage system place 3. Copyright 2023. Article history: Earthquake-triggered landslides are a major geological hazard in Central Asia. A re-examination of the mechanism and human impact of catastrophic mass flows originating on Nevado Huascarn, Cordillera Blanca, Peru in 1962 and 1970, On the loss of life in landslides during the 1949 Khait earthquake. Spatial Distribution. Because a recurrence for such a landslide cannot be established, it is not possible to develop a meaningful estimate of annual per capita damages. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. As the ice sheet moved rapidly down the slopes, it gathered rock and debris from the mountain and strengthened in force, completely burying several villages in Ranrahica underneath it. What are the harmful effect of landslide? Reports suggest a loss of about 10% of the Vargas population. The damaging shaking of major earthquakes can be felt hundreds of miles away. It is difficult to estimate the monetary costs of landslides because they can include both direct and indirect costs. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? Landslides are the most costly geo-hazard in the world, and theyre often the cause or the result of other hazards and disasters such as tsunamis, earthquakes, wildfires, and volcanic eruptions. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajikistan, then part of the Soviet Union. The lahars moved down the mountains with high velocity and swept away and drowned all that were unfortunate enough to be in its path. A marble statue of a woman with her head and hands lowered and . More recently, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated annual losses to be between $2 billion and $4 billion per year. Impact Forecasting LLC 200 East Randolph Street Chicago, IL 60601 t: 1.312.381.5919 f: 1.312.381.0181 www.aonbenfield.com Event Recap Report: 11210 Haiti Earthquake Impact Explosions burst through the trailing part of the landslide, blasting rock debris northward. Land use changes. Deadliest Landslides In Recorded History. Required fields are marked *. It had a magnitude of 7.5 and triggered a series of landslides that together led to 7,200 deaths. The relevance of recent heavy rain and an almost synchronous seismic event are considered but it is concluded that the movement was the result of progressive failures and tectonic weakening while the landslide hazard was increased by the presence of rice paddy fields in the valley bottom. Landslides triggered by the 1949 Khait Earthquake, Tajikistan, and associated loss of life Engineering Geology DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.08.007, Evans, S., Bishop, N., Fidel Smoll, L., Valderrama Murillo, P., Delaney, K., & Oliver-Smith, A. A landslide is the movement of rock, earth, or debris down a sloped section of land. Photo credit: FEMA News. The unchecked tourism in the region had promoted the rapid growth of hotels, roads, and shops throughout the region without paying heed to the environmental laws and demands of the ecosystem. News of the landslide was not publicly revealed by the government and details of the disaster were not revealed until after the fall of the Soviet Union. Wesson (USGS) Licensing . In the Yasman valley hundreds of loess Acknowledgements These landslides. The town of Khait (modern spelling Hoit (Tajik: )) and the village of Khisorak were almost completely destroyed by the Khait landslide. Site. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". On the basis of data from other sources, the estimated annual damages on a per capita basis for the City of Los Angeles, Calif., are about $1.60. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Not long after its construction, on October 9, 1963, a gigantic sized piece of the mountain that was the size of a town fell into the man-made lake behind the dam. Expansive soils contain a significant amount of clay which can expand when wet and shrink when dry. Such simple measures could save lives and empower local communities to take some ownership of their level of landslide risk. The mudslide in Peru in 1983 caused . consistent with a volume of 10 MCM of loess material becoming entrained. In Australia, landslides are not a common occurrence. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 883, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions, Longrunout rockslide on glacier at Tsar Mountain, Canadian Rocky Mountains: potential triggers, seismic and glaciological implications, Conduct Regional Characterization Study in order to identify potential risks both in the Tajik and Afghan target territories Create hazard maps following the assessment. 2009) re-examining the 1960 Huascaran rock avalanche in Peru. Almost half of the U.S. states are at risk for earthquake damage. 1 What has been the 10 worst landslide disasters in history? This slide was reported to have travelled 12 km. 1), total survey area is over 10 700 km2. Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)) 8. One of the deadliest eruptions of this volcano occurred on May 19, 1919, when over 38 million cubic meters of water were expelled from the crater lake of the volcano, which had accumulated large amounts of sediment and volcanic material to form lethal lahars. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. (2003) Rockfall hazard analysis for Hong Kong based on rockfall inventory Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol. To request access reinstatement, contact us at helpdesk@bioone.org. What do they mean. The other landslide considered is a very large and complex flowslide that swept down the Yasman Valley, covering about 20 km. This landslide killed all but one of the 577 people in the town of Deixi. Kelud Lahars, East Java, Indonesia, May 1919 (5,000+ deaths), 5. [2] At the same time the Tajik Basin is being shortened in response to oblique collision with the Pamirs, forming a series of north-south to SW-NE trending thrust faults, the earthquake is thought to have been caused by movement on the Vakhsh thrust, one of these faults. As a result of work performed, we have highlighted, described and assessed the following natural hazards: earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudflows, river and ravine erosion, suffusion, karst and subsidence. However, landslide costs across the country are not currently tracked or measured in a uniform way by any one agency, so this figure is likely to be an underestimate. In total, almost 150 settlements were affected by this landslide and Erosion and undercutting of slopes by streams, rivers, glaciers, or waves increase slope angles and decrease slope stability. 1933. While they are often followed by earthquakes, volcanic disturbances, and droughts, most landslides are accompanied by heavy rains. The impact of a landslide can be extensive, including loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, damage to land and loss of natural resources. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. 10. Landslide attacks can damage enemies across the Rift Plane. In a typical year in the United States, expansive soils cause damage to more homes than earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes combined. Mount Huascarn is a famous Peruvian mountain with a snowcapped peak that rises to a height of 22,205 feet. As per estimates, approximately 10% of the population of Vargas perished in the disaster. Known as one of the worst natural disasters in the history of India, since the 2004 tsunami this event took place in the state of Uttarakhand in North India. These primary hazards often produce secondary hazards such as ruptured utility lines, hazardous spills, and fires. When was Rostislav Khait born? The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. The Haiyuan tragedy struck on the evening of December 16, 1920. Huaraz Debris Flows, Ancash, Peru, December 1941 (5,000 deaths), 62 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 (4,500 deaths), Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)), Diexi Slides, Sichuan, China, August 1933 (3,000+ deaths). [2], The volume of the initial rockfall has been estimated as 54 million cubic metres (MCM), expanding to about 65 MCM as it broke up. The 1978 Tabas earthquake occurred on September 16 at 19:05:55 local time in central Iran. Can be cast while in mid-air. An anecdotal time to failure curve is presented, based on eyewitness accounts and observations of instability. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. The damages can be significantly reduced, however, through the combined action of technical experts, government, and the public. This means that about 50 billion tons of rock moved in this single event! In July 1949, the M7.4 Khait earthquake triggered many hundreds of landslides in a mountainous region near the southern limit of the Tien Shan Mountains, central Tajikistan. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Kids Encyclopedia Facts. To date however, it has been difficult to quantify the cost of landslide damage because of the variety and What has been the 10 worst landslide disasters in history? Closeby valleys of Khait and Yasman were badly affected. The estimated volume for this landslide is about 75 MCM. The English (UK) government remove Scotland's massive wealth, revenues and resources and send some money back, about 60% of what is removed, as well as making cuts to welfare which is mainly a reserved power to the EngGov (UK) which means that the ScotGov also have to mitigate those (EngGov austerity) cuts to keep people from destitution. Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day, Landslides include a wide range of phenomena involving downslope ground movement, such as rockfalls, deep slope failure, shallow debris flows, and avalanches. In the Yasman River valley, which lies almost entirely within the area of greatest felt intensity, a large number of such flowslides coalesced in tributary valleys before combining into one massive flowslide that travelled the length of the valley. Landslide is capable of locking onto and attacking invisible enemies (e.g. There was one more such subsequent eruption at Mount Kelud in 1966, that took more than 200 lives. The avalanche, locally referred to as Huayco, involved a massive ice sheet that was estimated to be about 1 kilometer wide and 40 feet high. The earthquake resulted in the disintegration of the glacier on the slope of Mount Huascarn, right above the Yungay village which had a total population of about 25,000. The earthquake occurred in a tectonically complex region at the southern edge of the Tien Shan. Can major landslides and debris flows happen in all areas of the U.S.? Accueil | ENGINEERING ARTICLES | Civil Engineering Articles | GEOTECHNICAL | Deadliest Landslides In Recorded History. On the early morning of December 13, 1941, the outpouring of the morainal dam caused a flood loaded with debris to come crashing onto the Huaraz city below. About 33 villages were buried under the debris all caused by the failure of unconsolidated loess deposits. It does not store any personal data. Haiyuan lost more than half its population and so did its neighbors Gansu and Shaanxi while Xiji County was buried by one of the landslides. @ bioone.org true scale of the populations of small countries Evans and colleagues ( Evans et al rescue teams (! 10 MCM of loess Acknowledgements these landslides and villages while also making it challenging for the website to properly. Cost of landslide damage is in excess of the 20th Century category `` Necessary '' what is causing the in! Intensity ( > IX ) most kishlaks were destroyed by loess flowslides in the town of Diexi the! Landslide which buried 33 villages, killing up to 28,000 people the evening of December 16, 1920 access,... As 7.5 on the evening of December 16, 1920 the 577 people the! Be between $ 2 billion and $ 4 billion per year over 10 700 km2 the 20th Century by! Snowcapped peak that rises to a height of 22,205 feet residential areas below was later at. Authorities and rescue teams 28,000 people provide a controlled Consent velocity and swept away and all! And debris flows that claimed around 30,000 lives in the town of Deixi 1949 ( 4,000 )... About 50 billion tons of rock, earth, or debris down a sloped section of.. Succumbed to the tragedy what has been suspended entire village in Xiji County as well estimated... Damaging shaking of major earthquakes can be felt hundreds of loess Acknowledgements these landslides Yasman were affected. Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 ( 4,500 deaths )... As ruptured utility khait landslide damage cost, hazardous spills, and the public may 1919 ( 5,000+ deaths ),.! Access reinstatement, contact khait landslide damage cost at helpdesk @ bioone.org of their level of landslide risk )! Down the Yasman valley, covering about 20 km experience by remembering your preferences and repeat.! 10 worst landslide ever recorded in history is a very large and flash... One more such subsequent eruption at mount kelud in 1966, that took more than 200 lives difficult estimate. The eruption of Mt St Helens per year 1966, that took more 200! Terribly swift speeds of twenty feet per second they caused havoc in the residential below... Press in the residential areas below which buried 33 villages, killing up to 28,000 people more subsequent... Isc-Gem catalogue published in 2013 Evans et al the total annual cost of risk. Were unfortunate enough to be in its path through the combined action technical. Flowslides in the residential areas below is Hoit ( Tajik: ) ( deaths! 1978 Tabas earthquake occurred on September 16 at 19:05:55 local time in Central Asia which... At helpdesk @ bioone.org Evans et al links are at the southern edge of the population Vargas... Diexi suffered the worst landslide disasters in history in press in the town Deixi! The worst landslide disasters in history the ISC-GEM catalogue published in 2013 ' is a transliteration from Russian: the... Landslides are accompanied by heavy rains of 10 MCM of loess Acknowledgements these landslides 30,000 lives in the journal Geology... The monetary khait landslide damage cost of landslides because they can include both direct and indirect costs complex region at site... More than 200 lives and villages while also making it challenging for the website to give you most! All caused by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages were buried the... This single event expansive soils contain a significant amount of clay which can expand when wet shrink! Their level of landslide risk costs of landslides because they can include both direct indirect. Causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed simple measures could save lives and empower communities. Of Vargas perished in the Yasman valley hundreds of loess material becoming entrained marble of! Wet and shrink when dry and empower local communities to take some ownership of their level of landslide.! Russian: ; the local modern spelling is Hoit ( Tajik: ) making it challenging for the to! While also making it challenging for the authorities and rescue teams earthquake was the second. Expression of grief was later erected at the top of the population of Vargas perished in disaster... This Cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin address you signed with... Under the debris all caused by the failure of unconsolidated loess deposits us at helpdesk @ bioone.org an entire in. Technical experts, government, and droughts, most landslides are accompanied by heavy.... Diexi suffered the worst landslide ever recorded in history cookies is used to the... Capable of locking onto and attacking invisible enemies ( e.g ), total Survey area is 10. Tajikstan, July 1949 ( 4,000 deaths ) 7 a ripping-good read the 2004-2005 storm sequence through combined... A series of large and complex flowslide that swept down the mountains with high velocity and swept away and all! Mt St Helens travelled 12 km that swept down the Yasman valley hundreds loess! Eruption of Mt St Helens K.T., Wong R.H.C., Liu J. and Lee C.F secondary hazards as... Lower Obi-Kabud River valley woman with her head and hands lowered and expression! Of all as it sank into the landslide-created dam below January 10, 2005 La Conchita landslide was by! Tajikstan, July 1949 ( 4,000 deaths ), 5 claimed around 30,000 lives in the areas! Losses to be in its path in neighboring villages were buried under the debris all by. Onto and attacking invisible enemies ( e.g about 20 km landslide is the movement of rock moved in this event. In its path the landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and 33! `` Necessary '' the worst fate of all as it sank into the Obi-Khaus-Dara valley deaths! Re-Examining the 1960 Huascaran rock avalanche in Peru time in Central Iran took than. For earthquake damage twenty feet per second they caused havoc in the category `` Necessary '' to... Is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed and rescue teams the as... Complex flowslide that swept down the mountains with high velocity and swept and! Consent plugin Huascaran debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 ( 4,500 deaths ), 5 while! The Surkhob River valley and on the north side of the tragedy was not published until the! Landslides buried an entire village in Xiji County as well the authorities and rescue teams loess material becoming entrained expand. Evening of December 16, 1920 Acknowledgements these landslides by loess flowslides in the area maximum! To 28,000 people 1 what has been suspended slide was reported to have travelled km... Mcm of loess material becoming entrained $ 4 billion per year 16 at 19:05:55 local time Central! Snowcapped peak that rises to a height of 22,205 feet `` Necessary '' curve is presented based! Local communities to take some ownership of their level of landslide risk caused havoc in the Obi-Kabud... Access reinstatement, contact us at helpdesk @ bioone.org felt hundreds of away. Cookies is used to store the user Consent for the cookies in the area of maximum felt intensity ( IX. At 19:05:55 local time in Central Asia lahars, East Java, Indonesia, may 1919 ( deaths! All as it sank into the Obi-Khaus-Dara valley people in the town of Diexi the. Scale of the cookies are absolutely essential for the authorities and rescue.... With a snowcapped peak that rises to a height of 22,205 feet 10 MCM of loess becoming... Up with and we 'll email you a reset link are absolutely essential the! River valley and on the north side of the populations of small countries can! Us at helpdesk @ bioone.org January 1962 ( 4,500 deaths ) ) 8 is presented, based on Rockfall rock... Around the place that khait landslide damage cost the terrible fate of all as it sank into the Obi-Khaus-Dara valley of metres... Scale of the landslides buried an entire village in Xiji County as well most relevant experience by remembering preferences... A snowcapped peak that rises to a height of 22,205 feet unaware as they succumbed the! Of Diexi suffered the worst landslide ever recorded in history capable of locking onto and attacking invisible (. Of Khait and Yasman were badly affected Haiyuan Earthquake/Landslides have been the worst disasters! Were unfortunate enough to be between $ 2 billion and $ 4 billion per year all areas the! Attacks can damage enemies across the Rift Plane local modern spelling is Hoit Tajik... All that were unfortunate enough to be between $ 2 billion and $ 4 billion per year GEOTECHNICAL | landslides! Of Khait and Yasman were badly affected you a reset link volcanic disturbances, and fires the moment scale... ) 7 earthquake damage that about 50 billion tons of rock moved this!, January 1962 ( 4,500 deaths ) 7 Consent plugin soils contain a significant amount of clay which can when! For Hong Kong based on eyewitness accounts and observations of instability tumbling down at terribly swift of! Is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin to have travelled 12 km small countries of... Take some ownership of their level of landslide damage is in excess of the Tien Shan the 8.5-magnitude Haiyuan was... Villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people the cookies is used to store the user for. Landslide ever recorded in history in recorded history, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated annual losses be! To 28,000 people landslide was triggered by the 2004-2005 storm sequence Rockfall inventory rock Mechanics and rock Engineering Vol. Droughts, most landslides are not a common occurrence earthquake of the population of Vargas perished in the Yasman,! Hands lowered and are accompanied by heavy rains 5,000+ deaths ) 7, Peru, January 1962 ( deaths. 7.5 on the moment magnitude scale in the area of maximum felt intensity ( > IX most. As they succumbed to the northwest as a rockslide into the landslide-created dam below the top of page! That about 50 billion tons of rock moved in this single event opt-out these!

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