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Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. !&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8!&ag8 Axial loading is defined as applying a force on a structure directly along an axis of the structure. !EjF*)PGFEK)a Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. )Tj -1.5 -2.34 TD 0 Tw (Lower Section)Tj /F6 1 Tf 0 -2.2 TD (FBD:)Tj ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.72 w 10 M []0 d 1 i 302.521 176.657 m 302.521 147.377 l S 298.561 148.337 m 302.401 140.417 l 306.241 148.337 l 298.561 148.337 l f* 306.121 284.657 m 306.121 255.377 l S 309.841 283.937 m 306.001 291.857 l 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